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echo "message" : displays/prints 'message'.
Examples:
echo Hello
Hello
echo "Hello there"
Hello there
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printf
printf : produces produces output according to a format.
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Most useful search options:
| -name ... | search for files/directories with a certain name or part of name. Wildcards can be used. |
| -type ... | search for certain files types only. 'd' → directories; 'f' → files; 'l' → symbolic links |
| -exec ... | execute the following command on each found file/directory. '{}' serves as placeholder for found files/directories needs to get terminated with '\;' |
For example, it can be used in combination with 'grep':
find . -name '*.sh' -exec grep case {} \;
The above command will print all lines containing the word 'case' of files with end on '.sh'.
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While 'cp' can only be used to copy files and directories on the same machine, there are tools that can copy files and directories from one machine to another.
rsync
'rsync : which ' stands for remote sync, . It is a remote and local file and directory synchronization tool. a fast, versatile, remote (and local) file/directory-copying tool
Usage
Examples:
rsync origin destination
rsync user@origin username@remote_origin_machine:origin destination
rsync origin user@destination origin username@remote_destination_machine:destination
'origin' and 'destination' can be file(s) files and/or directories.
Only either the origin or the destination machine can be a nother another machine, not both.
Options:The 'username@' only needs to be given for the remote machine and only if the username is different from the one on the local machine.
The default directory on the remote machine is the home directory. If the remote file/directory is not in the home directory a path need to be specified, either from the home directory or a full path.
Most useful options:
| -v | -v | verbose | |
| -r | Recursively recursively copy entire directories | ||
| -u | update, forces rsync to skip any files which exist on the destination and have a modified time that is newer than the source file. | ||
| -l | links, when symlinks are encountered, recreate the symlink on the destination | ||
| -L | copy-links, When symlinks are encountered, the item that they point to (the referent) is copied, rather than the symlink. | ||
| -t | preserves preserve time | ||
| -p | preserves permissionspreserve permissions - do not use when copying to clusters of the Alliance!!! |
scp
scp : secure copy (remote file copy program)
Usage: similar to rsync aboveOptions
Most useful options:
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| -r | Recursively copy entire directories. Note that scp follows symbolic links encountered in the tree traversal. |
ftp / sftp
Also see:
sftp : secure file transfer program
ftp : Internet file transfer program
wget
wget : web downloader
GNU Wget is a free utility for non-interactive download of files from the Web.
Example:
$ wget www.tldp.org/LDP/Bash-Beginners-Guide/Bash-Beginners-Guide.pdf
File archiving and compressions
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