References for GEM

Articles describing the dynamical core of GEM

Côté, J., S. Gravel, A. Méthot, A. Patoine, M. Roch and A. Staniforth, 1998 a:
The operational CMC-MRB global environmental multiscale (GEM) model. Part I: Design considerations and formulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1373-1395.
Côté, J., J.-G. Desmarais, S. Gravel, A. Méthot, A. Patoine, M. Roch and A. Staniforth, 1998 b:
The operational CMC-MRB global environmental multiscale (GEM) model. Part II: Results. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1397-1418.
Yeh, K.-S., J. Côté, S. Gravel, A. Méthot, A. Patoine, M. Roch and A. Staniforth, 2002:
The CMC-MRB Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) Model. Part III: Nonhydrostatic Formulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 339-356. Click on the following link to access the pdf.
Caya, A., R. Laprise and P. Zwack, 1998:
Consequences of Using the Splitting Method for Implementing Physical Forcings in a Semi-Implicit Semi-Lagrangian Model. Mon. Wea. Rev. 126(6), 1707-1713.
Bénard, P., R. Laprise, J. Vivoda, P. Smolíková, 2004:
Stability of Leapfrog Constant-Coefficients Semi-Implicit Schemes for the Fully Elastic System of Euler Equations: Flat-Terrain Case. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 1306-1318.
Qaddouri, A., and V.Lee, 2011:
The Canadian Global Environmental Multiscale model on the Yin-Yang grid system, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 660, 1913-1926, DOI: 10.1002/qj.873
Girard, C., and A. Plante, 2013:
GEM4.2: A non-hydrostatic atmospheric model (Euler equations) in terrain-following vertical coordinate of the log-hydrostatic-pressure type vertically discretized on a Charney-Phillips grid with simple differences and means, Revision 2. Notes internes. Recherches en prévision numérique, Environment Canada, 59 pp. La version 2011 “GEM4.1 - Revision 1” du document est disponible ici.
C. Girard, A. Plante et al.:
Options for Semi-Lagrangian Trajectory Calculations
Girard, C., Plante, A., Desgagné, M., McTaggart-Cowan, R., Côté, J., Charron, M., Gravel, S., Lee, V., Patoine, A., Qaddouri, A. and Roch, M., 2014.
Staggered Vertical Discretization of the Canadian Environmental Multiscale (GEM) Model Using a Coordinate of the Log-Hydrostatic-Pressure Type. Monthly Weather Review, 142(3), pp.1183-1196. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-13-00255.1
Click on the following link to access the pdf.

Dynamical equations by R. Laprise, UQAM (2015):

Articles describing physics schemes of GEM & CRCM

PDF: Descriptions of GEM physics version 3.6 from 1998

Physics of GEM5:

McTaggard-Cowen, R. et al., 2019: Modernization of Atmospheric Physics Parameterization in Canadian NWP. JAMES, 11, issue 11,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001781

Li and Barker correlated-k radiation:

Li, J. and H.W. Barker, 2005: A radiation algorithm with correlated-k distribution. Part I: local thermal equilibrium. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 286-309.

Kain and Fritsch convection:

Kain, J.S. and J.M. Fritsch, 1990: A one-dimensional entraining/detraining plume model and application in convective parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2784-2802.

Shallow convection: "ktrsnt":

Bélair S, Mailhot J, Girard C, Vaillancourt P, 2005: Boundary-layer and shallow cumulus clouds in a medium-range forecast of a large-scale weather system. Mon Weather Rev., 133, 1938-1960

Sundquist condensation:

Sundqvist, H., E. Berge and J.E. Kristjansson, 1989: Condensation and Cloud Parameterization Studies with a Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1641-1657.

ISBA, land surface scheme:

Bélair, S., L-P. Crevier, J. Mailhot, B. Bilodeau, and Y. Delage, 2003: Operational Implementation of the ISBA Land Surface Scheme in the Canadian Regional Weather Forecast Model. Part I: Warm Season Results. J. Hydromet., 4, Issue 2, 352-370
Bélair, S., R. Brown, J. Mailhot, B. Bilodeau, and L.-P. Crevier, 2003: Operational Implementation of the ISBA Land Surface Scheme in the Canadian Regional Weather Forecast Model. Part II: Cold Season Results. J. Hydromet., 4, Issue 2, 371-386

CLASS, land surface scheme:

D. L. Verseghy, 1991: CLASS--A Canadian Land Surface Scheme for GCMS: I. Soil Model. International Journal of Climatology IJCLEU, vol. p 111-133, p. 44
D. L. Verseghy, N. A. McFarlane, and M. Lazare, 1993: CLASS-A Canadian land surface scheme for GCMS, II. Vegetation model and coupled runs. Int. J. Climatol., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 347-370
D. L. Verseghy, 2000: The Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS): its history and future. Atmosphere-Ocean, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 1-1

McFarlane gravity-wave drag:

McFarlane, N.A., 1987: The effect of orographically excited gravity-wave drag on the circulation of the lower stratosphere and troposphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1175-1800

Orographic blocking:

Zadra, A., M. Roch, S. Laroche and M. Charron, 2003: The subgrid scale orographic blocking parametrization of the GEM model. Atmos.-Ocean, 41, 155-170.

Geophysical fields (USGS aka GLC2000):

E. Bartholomé and A. S. Belward, 2005: GLC2000: a new approach to global land cover mapping from Earth observation data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 26:9, 1959-1977, DOI: 10.1080/01431160412331291297

CRCM5 evolving towards GEM4:

Girard, C., A. Plante et al., 2014: Staggered Vertical Discretization of the Canadian Environmental Multiscale (GEM) Model Using a Coordinate of the Log-Hydrostatic-Pressure Type. Monthly Weather Review, DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-13-00255.1
Click here to see the paper.

FLake:

Mironov, D., Heise, E., Kourzeneva, E., Ritter, B., Schneider, N. and co-authors., 2010: Implementation of the lake parameterisation scheme FLake into the numerical weather prediction model COSMO. Boreal Environ. Res.15, 218-230.

Prediction Particles Properties (P3):

Morrison, H. and Milbrandt, J.A., 2015. Parameterization of cloud microphysics based on the prediction of bulk ice particle properties. Part I: Scheme description and idealized tests. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 72(1), pp.287-311.
Morrison, H., Milbrandt, J.A., Bryan, G.H., Ikeda, K., Tessendorf, S.A. and Thompson, G., 2015. Parameterization of cloud microphysics based on the prediction of bulk ice particle properties. Part II: Case study comparisons with observations and other schemes. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 72(1), pp.312-339.
Milbrandt, J.A. and Morrison, H., 2016. Parameterization of cloud microphysics based on the prediction of bulk ice particle properties. Part III: Introduction of multiple free categories. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 73(3), pp.975-995.
Cholette, M., Morrison, H., Milbrandt, J.A. and Thériault, J.M., 2019. Parameterization of the bulk liquid fraction on mixed-phase particles in the predicted particle properties (P3) scheme: Description and idealized simulations. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 76(2), pp.561-582.
Milbrandt, J.A., Morrison, H., Dawson II, D.T. and Paukert, M., 2021. A triple-moment representation of ice in the Predicted Particle Properties (P3) microphysics scheme. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 78(2), pp.439-458.

Cloud fraction:

C. Jouan, J. A. Milbrandt, P. A. Vaillancourt, F. Chosson, and H. Morrison, 2020: Adaptation of the Predicted Particles Properties (P3) Microphysics Scheme for Large-Scale Numerical Weather Prediction. Weather and Forecasting, p. 2541�2565, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-20-0111.1

Raccourcis espace

Arborescence des pages

Articles describing the dynamical core of GEM

Dynamical equations by R. Laprise, UQAM (2015):

Articles describing physics schemes of GEM & CRCM